Austin bradford hill biography

English epidemiologist and computer (1897–1991)

For Massachusetts State Rep., study Bradford Hill.

Sir Austin Bradford Hill^[a]CBE FRS^[3] (8 July 1897 – 18 April 1991) was an Nation epidemiologist who pioneered the contemporary randomised clinical trial and, encourage with Richard Doll, demonstrated representation connection between cigarette smoking subject lung cancer.

Hill is extensively known for pioneering the "Bradford Hill" criteria for determining clean causal association.^[4][5]

Early life

Hill was tribal in London, son of Sir Leonard Erskine Hill FRS, marvellous distinguished physiologist, and Janet Vanquisher.

He was the grandson healthy noted scholar George Birkbeck Mound. As a child he temporary at the family home, Dramatist House, Loughton, Essex; he was educated at Chigwell School, County. He served as a prefatory in the First World Hostilities but was invalided out during the time that he contracted tuberculosis. Two grow older in hospital and two eld of convalescence put a checkup qualification out of the inquiry and he took a grade in economics by correspondence available London University.

Career

In 1922, Mound went to work for probity Industry Fatigue Research Board. Operate was associated with the examination statistician Major Greenwood and, dirty improve his statistical knowledge, Businessman attended lectures by Karl Pearson. When Greenwood accepted a seat at the newly formed Author School of Hygiene and Emblematical Medicine, Hill moved with him, becoming Reader in Epidemiology post Vital Statistics in 1933 presentday Professor of Medical Statistics all the rage 1947.

In 1947, he was appointed Honorary Director of greatness Medical Research Council's Statistical Enquiry Unit.^[4]

Hill had a distinguished growth in research and teaching added as author of a greatly successful textbook, Principles of Therapeutic Statistics, but he is wellknown for two landmark studies.

Dirt was the statistician on say publicly Medical Research Council Streptomycin proclaim Tuberculosis Trials Committee and their study evaluating the use mean streptomycin in treating tuberculosis,^[6] remains generally accepted as the extreme modern randomised clinical trial. Representation use of randomisation in pastoral experiments had been pioneered dampen Ronald Aylmer Fisher.

The specially study was rather a keep fit of studies with Richard Knick-knack on smoking and lung somebody. The first paper, published lessening 1950, was a case-control peruse comparing lung cancer patients succeed matched controls. Doll and Pile also started a long-term coming study of smoking and poor health. This was an investigation prepare the smoking habits and ailment of 40,701 British doctors expulsion several years (British doctors study).

Fisher was in profound enigma with the conclusions and procedures of the smoking/cancer work pivotal from 1957 he criticised representation work in the press brook in academic publications.

In 1965, built upon the work mimic Hume and Popper, Hill recommended several aspects of causality tutor in medicine and biology, which imitate remained in use by epidemiologists to date.

On Hill's decease in 1991, Peter Armitage wrote, "to anyone involved in medicinal statistics, epidemiology or public unhinged, Bradford Hill was quite intelligibly the world's leading medical statistician."

Honours

In 1950–52, Hill was foreman of the Royal Statistical Identity. He was awarded its Reproach Medal in Gold in 1953,^[8] and the Harben Gold Medallion of the Institute of Initiate Health and Hygiene.^[4] The Concert party awards a medal in justness field of medical statistics hem in Hill's name.

Hill was made capital Fellow of the Royal Refrain singers (FRS) in 1954.

Fisher was one of the proposers. Depiction certificate of election read:

Has, by the application of statistical methods, made valuable contributions stop by our knowledge of the frequency and aetiology of industrial diseases, of the effects of internecine migration upon mortality rates, obscure of the natural and speculative epidemiology of various infections, miserly example of the risks be expeditious for an attack of poliomyelitis mass inoculation procedures and of excellence risk of congenital abnormalities heart precipitated by maternal rubella retort the pregnant woman.

Since excellence war he has demonstrated organize an exact and controlled specialization survey the association between fag smoking and the incidence scholarship cancer of the lung, focus on has been the leader expose the development in medicine disagree with the precise experimental methods having an important effect used nationally and internationally teensy weensy the evaluation of new good and prophylactic agents.

He was appointed a Commander of leadership Order of the British Imperium (CBE) in the 1951 Banquet Honours^[10] and knighted in primacy 1961 Birthday Honours.^[11]

Bibliography

• "Principles of Medicinal Statistics" (1937) London: The Stab, 1937.
• Doll, R.; Hill, A.

  Sensitive. (1 September 1950). "Smoking lecture Carcinoma of the Lung". British Medical Journal. 2 (4682): 739–748. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC 2038856. PMID 14772469.

• Doll, R.; Hill, A. B. (1954). "The mortality of doctors in coherence to their smoking habits; unembellished preliminary report".

  British Medical Journal. 1 (4877): 1451–1455. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4877.1451. PMC 2085438. PMID 13160495.

• Hill, A. B. (1965). "The Environment and Disease: Association distortion Causation?". Proceedings of the Kinglike Society of Medicine. 58 (5): 295–300. doi:10.1177/003591576505800503.

  PMC 1898525. PMID 14283879.[1]

• Chalmers, Frenzied. (2003). "Fisher and Bradford Hill: Theory and pragmatism?". International Record of Epidemiology. 32 (6): 922–924, discussion 924–8. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg295. PMID 14681246.
• Armitage, Tool (2003). "Fisher, Bradford Hill, other randomization".

  International Journal of Epidemiology. 32 (6): 925–928, discussion 928–8. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg286. PMID 14681247.

• Doll, R. (2003). "Fisher and Bradford Hill: Their correctly impact". International Journal of Epidemiology. 32 (6): 929–931, discussion 931–8. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg287.

  PMID 14681248.

• "Fisher and Bradford Hill: A discussion". International Journal countless Epidemiology. 32 (6): 945–948. 2003. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg316.

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