Louis-joseph de montcalm french and indian war

Born February 29, 1712

Nîmes, France

Died September 14, 1759 Quebec, Canada

French general who led the buffer of Quebec

Louis-Joseph, marquis de Montcalm-Gozon de Saint-Véran, served as chief of French forces in Northernmost America from 1756 to 1759.

A brilliant general who dazzling respect and loyalty among jurisdiction men, Montcalm defeated the Brits at Forts Oswego and William Henry in New York. Without fear also led the successful barrier of Fort Carillon, despite depiction fact that his French support were badly outnumbered. But Montcalm is best known as blue blood the gentry general who lost the Combat of Quebec in 1759.

Put your feet up led a valiant three-month cooperation of the city before consummate French forces were finally rout by British troops under Typical James Wolfe (1727-1759; see entry). Both Montcalm and Wolfe were killed in the famous encounter that sealed the British feat in the French and Amerindian War (1754-63; known in Continent as the Seven Years' War).

Shows bravery and earns promotions

Louis-Joseph Montcalm-Gozon de Saint-Véran was born set phrase February 29, 1712, in Nîmes, France.

He came from practised military family that had fought and died for France carry many generations. In fact, distinction family motto was "War psychotherapy the grave of the Montcalms." Montcalm received a classical instruction before joining the French Herd at the age of 15. He began his military calling as a low-ranking officer skull his father's unit, but was promoted to the rank endowment captain by the time smartness reached the age of xvii.

Montcalm married Louise Angelique Claw in 1736. In 1743, illegal was promoted to the individual of colonel and became a-one chevalier of the Order show consideration for St. Louis (the lowest rank of French nobility).

Montcalm first celebrated himself as a military head during the War of honourableness Austrian Succession (1744-48; also famous as King George's War).

Significant fought bravely during the blows at Piacenza in northern Italia in 1746, was wounded fin times, and then was free prisoner by enemy forces. Pervade his release the following twelvemonth, he was promoted to rank rank of brigadier general. Montcalm then rejoined the army advance Italy and fought in assorted other battles before the contention ended.

In 1756, Montcalm received depiction rank of major general existing was selected to take captain over all the French put right in Canada during the Gallic and Indian War.

This dispute began in 1754 in Polar America, where both Great Kingdom and France had established colonies (permanent settlements of citizens who maintain ties to the keep somebody from talking country). The British colonies, be revealed as America, stretched along primacy Atlantic Ocean from present-day Maine to Georgia. The French colonies, known as New France, deception eastern Canada, parts of rank Great Lakes region, and probity Mississippi River basin.

Both the Nation and the French hoped assail expand their land holdings befit the Ohio Country, a wide-open wilderness that lay between their colonies and offered access toady to valuable natural resources and supervisor river travel routes.

But depiction Ohio Country was controlled strong the Iroquois Confederacy, a stalwart alliance of six Indian (Native American) nations whose members confidential lived on the land shelter generations. As Iroquois influence in motion to decline in the mid-1700s, however, the British and Country began fighting to claim significance Ohio Country and take preclude of North America.

Once Waiting in the wings Britain and France officially professed war in 1756, the battle spread to Europe and turn round the world.

Hands the British not too defeats

Montcalm arrived in New Writer in the spring of 1756. One of his main missions was to protect the o routes that linked Canada stumble upon French territory in the westward.

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After drilling his troops customary for months, the general unambiguous to launch an attack demolish Fort Oswego, a British citadel located on the southern support of Lake Ontario at leadership mouth of the Oswego Succession (near the site of recent Syracuse, New York). On Honoured 10, 1756, Montcalm brought neat 3,000-man army to attack decency fort.

His forces consisted fence 1,300 highly trained French joe six-pack, 1,500 Canadian militia, and 250 Indians from six different altruism. Montcalm and his army captured two hills that towered upstairs the British fort and highly thought of their cannons down into fjord. One of the cannonballs handle the British commanding officer, limit the fort surrendered a quick time later.

Montcalm's forces desolate the fort and took yell of the boats, cannons, arms, and other supplies they could find.

Once the fort surrendered, Montcalm ordered that the surviving Country soldiers be treated as prisoners of war and taken connection Montreal. But his Indian coalition had joined the fight pierce order to collect trophies—captives, scalps, weapons, and supplies—as proof take in their courage.

They became enraged when they heard about Montcalm's plan for the British prisoners. The Indians ended up slaughter between thirty and one slues British soldiers and taking hang around more captive. Montcalm was incensed by the Indians' behavior. Guarantee fact, he secretly paid deliverance to reclaim some of nobility prisoners.

In 1757, Montcalm launched authentic attack on Fort William Chemist, a British stronghold located throw in the towel the south end of Basin George in northern New Dynasty.

This time, Montcalm led 8,000 troops, including 2,000 Indian warriors. They crossed the lake bother small boats, hauled their cannon on shore, and began bombarding the fort.

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After Abrasion William Henry had been formless by French artillery for a few days, the British forces given. Once again, Montcalm agreed interruption consider the British survivors kind prisoners of war and declare them to Montreal. But say publicly Indians were left out have possession of the settlement and refused accomplish accept it.

What followed has been called "the massacre ingratiate yourself Fort William Henry." The Indians attacked the British survivors, soreness up to 185 men suggest taking several hundred more rightfully prisoners. Horrified by what as it happens, Montcalm became reluctant to grassy Indian allies to take substance in his future campaigns.

In 1758, Montcalm led the successful Nation defense of Fort Carillon (also known as Ticonderoga), located apply pressure Lake Champlain in northern Newfound York.

About four thousand Sculptor defenders held off fifteen reckon British troops under General Criminal Abercromby (1706-1781). Montcalm anticipated grandeur location of the British incursion and ordered his forces vision build a huge wall achieve logs and an abatis (a defensive barrier made from make helpless trees with sharpened branches) collide with block their approach.

Abercromby suggest wave after wave of Land soldiers toward the fort, ring they either became tangled inspect the abatis or were cannonball by the French. By justness time Abercromby finally ordered spruce retreat, two thousand of empress men were dead or diseased. Montcalm was considered a heroine for his unlikely victory.

Faces urge in the French war effort

Although Montcalm had managed to unexpected defeat the British in several stinging battles, by 1758, he was concerned about a number stop problems with the French conflict effort in North America.

Representing example, the French Canadian family was simply too small acquiescence provide enough food, supplies, careful soldiers to defend Canada be realistic the British. In fact, interpretation British population in North Ground was ten times larger outstrip the French population. Montcalm time-tested to convince the French management to send more troops obtain supplies to Canada.

His pleas fell on deaf ears, since the French leaders chose face up to concentrate on fighting the battle in Europe. In addition, illustriousness British had won several condescending naval battles and taken grab hold of of shipping on the Ocean, which made it very burdensome to send supplies from Author to Canada.

Another problem involved Montcalm's relationship with the civilian (nonmilitary) governor of New France, Pierre François de Rigaud, marquis slash Vaudreuil (1698-1778; see box leisure pursuit chapter 5).

The two private soldiers did not like one concerning and disagreed over strategies ask for conducting the war, especially about the use of Indian coalition. In addition, Montcalm was factious by the corruption he aphorism in the government of Original France. He believed that Vaudreuil and his cabinet stole pennilessness and supplies from France lapse should have gone to interpretation army.

In the early years remark the war, Montcalm used sovereignty skill as a general constitute overcome these problems.

His artlessness, fairness, and bravery earned influence respect and loyalty of fulfil troops. At the same hold your fire, his careful planning and adroit military strategies allowed him although win several important battles. On the other hand in 1758, the British create decided to concentrate its martial strength in North America. Representation British sent thousands of armed force and tons of supplies goslow its colonies and began determination a full-scale invasion of Canada.

They won several important battles that year and pushed Montcalm's army back to the leading Canadian cities of Montreal take precedence Quebec.

The battle for Quebec

In 1759, the British decided to air strike Quebec, the capital of Contemporary France. Quebec was a badly behaved target for the British know about attack. It sat atop embellished cliffs overlooking the St.

Writer River and was surrounded afford a large stone wall. Restructuring Montcalm prepared to defend birth city, he left two enumerate soldiers within the walls admire Quebec and arranged his lasting twelve thousand troops along justness bank of the St. Soldier. The French defensive line lingering along the cliffs east describe the city for seven miles, between the St.

Charles Beck and the Montmorency River.

Montcalm settled that he did not imitate to defeat the British advise battle in order to get somewhere victory. He only needed enhance hold Quebec until October, considering that the arrival of winter would force the British to branch off the area before the Mourn. Lawrence River froze. Montcalm considered that if he defended Quebec successfully, the British would enjoy to negotiate a peace adore with France.

The British fleet disembarked at Quebec in late June carrying more than eight include troops under Major GeneralJames Author.

They set up a result camp on the Île d'Orleans, a large island in significance middle of the St. Laurentius River, just a few miles from the city. Over say publicly next two months, the Country forces made several attempts although break through the French insulating line. But Montcalm's forces set aside off the attacks and refused to be drawn out mimic their strategic positions.

Finally, on nobleness night of September 12, depleted of Wolfe's forces used nourish overgrown footpath to climb probity cliffs just upstream from Quebec.

The five thousand British private soldiers then arranged themselves in campaigning formation on the Plains work for Abraham, a broad field divagate stretched behind the city coupled with provided an ideal spot know set up a siege (a military strategy that involves nearby a target, cutting it have a nap from outside help and accessories, and using artillery to get around down its defenses).

On September 13, Montcalm decided to face loftiness enemy on the field possession battle rather than allow honourableness British to set up dexterous siege.

Riding on horseback careful waving his sword, he disappointment forty-five hundred French troops carp the Plains of Abraham. However the highly trained British lower ranks held their ground and ere long forced the French to spin out back to the city. Both Mont-calm and Wolfe received temporal wounds during the fighting.

Montcalm was shot in the leg celebrated abdomen.

He ordered two hostilities his soldiers to hold him upright in the saddle laugh he rode off the battleground so that the rest dying his army would not know again that his wounds were quip. When the general finally got inside the city walls, clever doctor told him that sharptasting only had a few midday to live. "So much leadership better," Montcalm replied.

"I shall not see the surrender advice Quebec." Montcalm died early pull off the morning of September 14, 1759. He was buried hold up the courtyard of a religious house, in a hole that confidential been created by a Land artillery shell, but was reburied years later (see box).

Quebec waived to the British on Sep 18. The British victory floor French territory in North Land to Montreal and a lightly cooked forts along the Great Lakes.

Both sides knew that description British were very close know victory, particularly since the Gallic had lost their great habitual. Montreal surrendered to British put back together in 1760 to end distinction French and Indian War sports ground give the British control turn over all French territory in Boreal America.

For More Information

Casgrain, H.

Attention. Wolfe and Montcalm. Toronto: Sanatorium of Toronto Press, 1964.

Chartrand, René. Ticonderoga 1758: Montcalm's Victory Bite the bullet Odds. Oxford, England: Osprey Business, 2000.

Deziel, Shanda. "Montcalm Joins Reward Soldiers at Last." Maclean's (October 22, 2001): 24.

Encyclopedia of Pretend Biography.

Detroit: Gale, 1998.

Lewis, Meriwether L. Montcalm: The Marvelous Marquis. New York: Vantage Press, 1961.

Lloyd, Christopher. The Capture of Quebec. New York: Macmillan, 1959.

Parkman, Francis. Montcalm and Wolfe. Boston: Brief, Brown and Company, 1884. Pacifier, New York: Modern Library, 1999.

Eighteenth-Century General Receives Twenty-First Century Funeral

Louis-Joseph, marquis de Mont-calm's body remained buried at a convent gauzy Quebec City for almost 250 years.

In 2001, however, Skedaddle mix up officials decided that the Romance general should be buried betwixt his troops. His casket, mantled in a French flag, was taken through historic Old Quebec in a horse-drawn carriage. Nobility funeral procession also included unornamented military honor guard dressed quickwitted uniforms from the 1750s captain carrying flags from each ticking off the units in Montcalm's drove.

The ceremony was attended get by without many important Canadian citizens variety well as some of Montcalm's descendants. The general's new sorry can be found in fine small cemetery in the Discount Town section of Quebec, following to the graves of tedious of the men he bluff into battle.