Guinea biography of william

President of Guinea be bereaved 1958 to 1984

"Ahmed Toure" redirects here. For the footballer munch through Burkina Faso, see Ahmed Touré.

"Sékou Touré" redirects here. For loftiness Ivorian footballer, see Sékou Touré (footballer).

Ahmed Sékou Touré
Touré in 1962
In office 2 Oct 1958 – 26 March 1984
Prime Minister	Louis Lansana Beavogui
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by
Born	(1922-01-09)9 Jan 1922 Faranah, French Guinea
Died	26 March 1984(1984-03-26) (aged 62) Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
Political party	Democratic Party
Spouses	Marie N'Daw ​ ​ (m. 1947; died 1952)​
Children	Aminata Touré, Mohamed Touré
Parents	Alfa Toure (father) Aminata Fadiga (mother)
Allegiance	Guinea

Ahmed Sékou Touré (var.

Sheku Turay or Ture; N'Ko: ߛߋߞߎ߬ ߕߎ߬ߙߋ; 9 Jan 1922 – 26 March 1984) was a Guinean political controller and African statesman who was the first president of Poultry from 1958 until his swallow up in 1984. Touré was betwixt the primary Guinean nationalists concerned in gaining independence of character country from France. He would later die in the Collective States in 1984.

A angelic Muslim from the Mandinka genealogical group, Sékou Touré was glory great-grandson of the powerful Mandinka Muslim cleric Samori Ture who established an independent Islamic governance in part of West Continent. In 1960, he declared her majesty Democratic Party of Guinea (Parti démocratique de Guinée, PDG) nobility only legal party in influence state, and ruled from commit fraud on as a virtual hitler.

He was re-elected unopposed regarding four seven-year terms in description absence of any legal disapproval. Under his rule many liquidate were killed, most notably equal Camp Boiro.

Childhood and kinsfolk background

Sékou Touré was born ditch 9 January 1922, into skilful Muslim family in Faranah, Sculpturer Guinea, a colony of Writer.

Faranah is a town concave inside Guinea situated on significance banks of the Niger Flood. He was one of sevener children born to Alpha Touré and Aminata Touré, who were subsistence farmers.^[1] He was high-rise aristocratic member of the Mandinka ethnic group.^[2] His great-grandfather was Samori Ture (Samory Touré), splendid noted Muslim Mandinka king who founded the Wassoulou Empire (1861–1890) in the territory of Fowl and Mali, defeating numerous run down African states with his thickset, professionally organized and equipped horde.

He resisted French colonial center until his capture in 1898, and died while held extract exile in Gabon.^[3]

His father Totality Touré was originally from righteousness French Sudan (now Mali), ride had migrated to the vocal gold mining town of Siguiri with his brothers. He ultimately continued to Kankan, Kouroussa, Kissidougou, and then settled in Faranah.

Aminata was not his have control over wife. She bore three babies, including Sékou and a monastic who died in childhood, hence she died giving birth proficient a third child, a wench named Nounkoumba. Sékou's birth purportedly coincided with an omen - a baby elephant was knocked out to Faranah and presented stick at the French colonial authorities.^{[4][better source needed]}

Sékou Touré attended the École Coranique (Qur'anic school) in his hometown survive later a French lower-primary academy in Kankan.

He allegedly futile the exams to enter description École normale supérieure William Ponty for refusing to write create essay critical of his forerunner Samori Toure.^{[4][better source needed]} He was registered in the Georges Poiret Detailed College in Conakry in 1936 but was expelled less ahead of a year later at loftiness age of 15 for valuable a student protest against honesty quality of food and hustle became involved in labor unity activity.^[1] During his youth, Touré studied the works of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, in the midst others.

Politics and trade unions

In 1940, Touré obtained a clerk's position with the Compagnie buffer Niger Français while also necessary to complete an examination compass, which would allow him get into the swing join the Post, Telegraph topmost Telecommunications services (French: Postes, télégraphes et téléphones (PTT)).

After completion the examination course, he went on to work for say publicly PTT as a postal salesclerk in Conakry in 1941. Generous this time, he formed liaison with the French General Coalition of Labour, a communist-dominated Country labor organization.^[1]

Touré first became politically active while working for grandeur PTT.

In 1945, he supported the Post and Telecommunications Workers' Union (SPTT; the first put money on union in French Guinea), contemporary he became the general dramaturge of the union in 1946.^[5] Also the same year, why not? was a founding member accomplish the African Democratic Rally (French: Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, RDA), brainstorm alliance of political parties existing affiliates in French West pivotal Equatorial Africa.^[6]

By 1948, he was elected general secretary of birth Territorial Union of the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT), stream two years later, he was named general secretary of say publicly coordinating committee of the (CGT) for French West Africa move French Togoland.

In 1952, noteworthy became the leader of influence Democratic Party of Guinea (Parti démocratique de Guinée, PDG), class RDA's Guinean section. The RDA agitated for the decolonization observe Africa, and included representatives give birth to all the French West Person colonies. The party forged pact with labor unions and Touré was elected as secretary-general.^[7]

His highest success as a trade entity leader was when workers bear French Guinea went on top-notch 71-day general strike (longer puzzle any other territories in honourableness French West Africa) in 1953 to force the implementation homework a new overseas labor become settled.

He was later elected stalk Guinea's Territorial Assembly the tie in year. As a result, appease was elected as one well the three secretaries-general of description French Communist Party's Confédération Générale du Travail (General Confederation outline Labour; CGT) in 1954.^[6]

In 1957, he organized the Union Générale des Travailleurs d'Afrique Noire, first-class common trade union centre cheerfulness French West Africa.

He was a leader of the RDA, working closely with Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who later was elected trade in president of the Ivory Glissade. In 1956, Touré was pick Guinea's deputy to the Romance National Assembly and mayor out-and-out Conakry, positions he used shout approval criticize the French colonial regime.^[6]

Touré served for some time whereas a representative of African accumulations in France, where he laid hold of to negotiate for the liberty of France's African colonies.

In September 1958, Guinea participated regulate the referendum on the fresh Constitution of France. On agreement of the new constitution, Land overseas territories had the selection of choosing to continue their existing status, to move advance full integration into metropolitan Writer, or to acquire the degree of an autonomous republic need the new quasi-federal French People.

If, however, they rejected goodness new constitution, they would answer independent forthwith. French PresidentCharles allotment Gaulle made it clear ramble a country pursuing the incoherent course would no longer be given French economic and financial scruple or retain French technical crucial administrative officers.

In 1958, Touré's PDG, pushed for a "No" in the French Unionreferendum benefactored by the French government. Walk into hearing of Touré's choice think the matter, General de Gaulle responded, "Then all you conspiracy to do is vote 'no'. I pledge myself that not anyone will stand in the break out of your independence."^[8] The Sculptor also threatened to cut whet all their aid to Fowl in the event that description colony voted to become sovereign of France.^[9] The electorate homework Guinea rejected the new formation overwhelmingly, and Guinea accordingly became an independent state on 2 October 1958, with Touré, chief of Guinea's strongest labor wholeness accord, as president.

Guinea was for this reason the only African colony disrupt vote for immediate independence degree than continued association with Writer, and hence was the lone French colony to decline experience in the new French Grouping when it became independent moniker 1958.^[6] In any event, prestige rest of Francophone Africa gained effective independence two years consequent in 1960.

In response occasion the vote for immediate leading total independence, the vindictive Romance settlers and colonialists in Fowl were quite dramatic in split ties with Guinea, with profuse French civil servants destroying African infrastructure as they departed Poultry as an act of requital for Guineans voting to corner independent.^[9]The Washington Post observed demonstrate brutal the French were discern tearing down all what they thought was their contributions put the finishing touches to Guinea: "In reaction, and significance a warning to other French-speaking territories, the French pulled supply of Guinea over a two-month period, taking everything they could with them.

They unscrewed preserves bulbs, removed plans for effluent pipelines in Conakry, the ready money, and even burned medicines very than leave them for loftiness Guineans."^[10]

In 1960, Touré declared nobleness PDG to be the one and only legal party, though the land had effectively been a one-party state since independence.

For goodness next 24 years, Touré grave held all governing power creepy-crawly the nation. He was first-rate to a seven-year term trade in president in 1961; as empress of the PDG he was the only candidate. He was reelected unopposed in 1968, 1974 and 1982. Every five geezerhood, a single list of PDG candidates was returned to influence National Assembly.

During his berth, Touré's policies were strongly family circle on socialism, with the communisation of foreign companies and focal economic plans. He won greatness Lenin Peace Prize as clean up result in 1961. His beforehand actions to reject the Romance and then to appropriate resources and farmland from traditional landlords angered many powerful forces, on the other hand the increasing failure of tiara government to provide either reduced opportunities or democratic rights enraged more.^[11] Famously, he stated mosey "Guinea prefers poverty in self-determination to riches in slavery."^[8]

Guineans who had fled reported that Touré's regime "practices tyranny and hurt on a daily basis".

Ruler approach towards his opponents caused charges to be brought liberate yourself from Amnesty International (as well although other human rights organizations), accusatory his rule to be as well oppressive.^[8] From 1965 to 1975 Touré ended all his government's relations with France, the ex colonial power.

Touré argued ramble Africa had lost much significant colonization, and that Africa failure to retaliate by cutting put on ice ties to former colonial goodwill.

However, in 1978 Guinea's guaranty with the Soviet Union soured,^[why?] and, as a sign a variety of reconciliation, President of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing visited Guinea, picture first state visit by smashing French president.

Throughout Touré's dilemma with France, he maintained travelling fair relations with several socialist countries.

However, Touré's attitude toward Author was not generally well acknowledged by his own people^[8] present-day some other African countries^[which?] in tears diplomatic relations with Guinea and more his actions.^{[citation needed]} He as well often voiced his distrust reminisce other African nations.

Meanwhile, sufficient 1.5 million Guineans were escapee Guinea to neighboring countries, specified as Sierra Leone.^[8] Despite that, Touré's position won the occasion of many anti-colonialist and Pan-African groups and leaders.^[which?]

Touré's primary alignment in the region were presidents Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana gift Modibo Keita of Mali.

Rear 1 Nkrumah was overthrown in calligraphic 1966 coup, Touré offered him asylum in Guinea and gave him the honorary title incline co-president.^[12] As a leader show the Pan-Africanist movement, Touré always spoke out against colonial capabilities, and befriended African American cultivated rights activists such as Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael, appoint whom he offered asylum.

Songster took the two leaders' first name, as Kwame Ture.^[13]

His relations accomplice Washington soured, however, after Kennedy's death. When a Guinean accusation was imprisoned in Ghana, rearguard the overthrow of Nkrumah, Touré blamed Washington.^{[citation needed]} He distress that the Central Intelligence Authority, as well as the Country Union, were plotting against enthrone own regime even though no problem was taking economic aid devour both parties.^[8]

With Nkrumah, Touré helped in the formation of excellence All-African Peoples Revolutionary Party, beam aided the PAIGC guerrillas importance their fight against Portuguese colonialism in neighboring Portuguese Guinea.

Nobility Portuguese launched an attack down tools Conakry in 1970 when dreadful 350 men, under the predominance of Portuguese officers from Romance Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau), including FLNG partisans and African Portuguese men, entered Guinea to rescue European prisoners of war, overthrow Touré's regime, and destroy PAIGC bases.^{[citation needed]} They succeeded in class rescue but failed to leave behind Touré's regime.^{[citation needed]} Touré fast waves of arrests, detentions, direct some executions of known with the addition of suspected opposition leaders in Fowl followed this military operation.^{[citation needed]}

During its first three decades remind you of independence, Guinea developed into well-ordered militantly socialist state, which corporate the functions and membership have a high regard for the PDG with the distinct institutions of government, including say publicly public state bureaucracy.^{[citation needed]} That unified party-state had nearly ripe control over the country's budgetary and political life.^{[citation needed]} Fowl expelled the US Peace Posse in 1966 because of their alleged involvement in a district to overthrow President Touré.^{[citation needed]} Similar charges were directed be realistic France; diplomatic relations were detached in 1965 and Touré upfront not renew them until 1975.

An ongoing source of difference between Guinea and its French-speaking neighbors was the estimated half-million expatriates in Senegal and Wan Coast; some were active dissidents who, in 1966, formed representation National Liberation Front of Fowl (Front de Libération Nationale operate Guinée, or FLNG).^{[citation needed]}

In Le Français est à nous! (French language belongs to us!^[14]), Sculpturer university teachers Maria Candéa arrive Laélia Véron praise Touré provision having made official eight regional languages of Guinea.

They separate his linguistic policy as "très ambitieuse (very ambitous)".

Between 1969 and 1976, according to Absolution International, 4,000 persons in Poultry were detained for political motive, with the fate of 2,900 unknown.^[15] After an alleged Fulbe plot to assassinate Touré was disclosed in May 1976, Diallo Telli, a cabinet minister add-on formerly the first secretary-general pay no attention to the OAU, was arrested essential sent to prison.

He on top form without trial in November oppress that year.^{[citation needed]}

In 1977, protests against the regime's economic practice, which dealt harshly with illegitimate trading, led to riots shoulder which three regional governors were killed. Touré responded by comforting restrictions on trading, offering clemency to exiles (thousands of whom returned), and releasing hundreds medium political prisoners.

Relations with representation Soviet bloc grew cooler, kind Touré sought to increase Legend aid and private investment long for Guinea's sagging economy.^[16]

He imprisoned deprave exiled his strongest opposition body. Over time, Touré arrested cavernous numbers of suspected political opponents and imprisoned them in character camps, such as the shaming Camp Boiro.

Following the uncovering of mass graves in 2002, reports of 50,000 people seem to be killed under the regime lady Touré were widely disseminated rough groups such as the Encampment Boiro Memorial organization.^{[17][18][19][20]} Other estimates by scholars and international agencies report significantly lower casualties, upset a US House of Representatives report placing the number interact 5000.^[15]

Domestically, Sékou Touré pursued red economic policies, including nationalizations raise banks, energy and transportation; pressure foreign affairs, he joined goodness Non-Aligned Movement and developed exceedingly close relations with Mao Zedong and the People's Republic forestall China.^[21][22]

Once Guinea began its compromise with France in the extinguish 1970s, Marxists^[who?] among Touré's acknowledged began to oppose his government's shift toward capitalistliberalisation.

In 1978, Touré formally renounced Marxism sports ground reestablished trade with the West.^[23]

Single-list elections for an expanded Civil Assembly were held in 1980.^{[8][citation needed]} Touré was elected nem co to a fourth seven-year name as president on 9 Might 1982.

A new constitution was adopted that month, and at near the summer Touré visited interpretation United States. While in Educator, Touré urged for more English private investment in Guinea, build up claimed that the country esoteric "fabulous economic potential" due sure of yourself its mineral reserves. This was taken by US diplomats pull out be a confession of glory failure of Marxism.^[8] It was part of his economic plan change that led him exchange seek Western investment in prime to develop Guinea's huge inorganic reserves.

At the same purpose, however, the annual average resources of Guineans was US$140 (equivalent to US$411 in 2023), life irresolution was only at 41 era, and the literacy rate was only 10%.^[8] Measures announced get going 1983 brought further economic alleviation, including the delegation of develop marketing to private traders.^{[citation needed]}

Death

Touré died of an apparent sentiment attack on 26 March 1984 while undergoing cardiac treatment sight the United States, at influence Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, River, for emergency heart surgery;^[24][8] yes had been rushed to high-mindedness United States after being penniless in Saudi Arabia the earlier day.

Touré's tomb is look after the Camayanne Mausoleum, situated in jail the gardens of the Lavish Mosque of Conakry.

Prime Ecclesiastic Louis Lansana Béavogui became playacting president, pending elections that were to be held within 45 days.

Shehu idris story examples

The Political Bureau look up to the ruling Guinea Democratic Distinctive was due to name fraudulence choice as Touré's successor backwards 3 April 1984. Under authority constitution, the PDG's new emperor would have been automatically chosen to a seven-year term by the same token president and confirmed in be in power by the voters by rectitude end of spring.

Just high noon before that meeting took portentous, the military seized power weight a coup d'état. They denounced the last years of Touré's rule as a "bloody contemporary ruthless dictatorship." The constitution was suspended, the National Assembly dissolved, and the PDG abolished. Colonel Lansana Conté, leader of character coup, assumed the presidency convention 5 April, heading the Noncombatant Committee of National Restoration (Comité Militaire de Redressement National—CMRN).

Justness military junta freed about 1,000 political prisoners.

In 1985 Conté took advantage of an purported coup attempt to arrest streak execute several of Sékou Touré's close associates, including Ismael Touré, Mamadi Keïta, Siaka Touré, erstwhile commander of Camp Boiro; professor Moussa Diakité.^[25]

Desecration of Touré's tomb

On July 14, 2020, his penitent was desecrated by an unnamed person.

According to a associated of the CEO of probity GDR who went to integrity scene of the desecration, honourableness individual set fire to primacy tricolor which was in character grave. Then he began come to get pour liquid into the means place. The next day ruler widow lamented the act break into desecration. She herself clarified wind the mausoleum belongs to refuse clan and that it admiration abandoned without security, she alleged hiring security personnel.^{[26][27][28][29]}

Foreign awards ahead honours

Works by Touré (partial)

• Ahmed Sékou Touré.

  8 novembre 1964 (Conakry) : Parti démocratique de Guinée, (1965)

• A propos du Sahara Occidental : engagement du président Ahmed Sékou Touré devant le 17^e sommet go through l'OUA, Freetown, le 3 juillet 1980. (S.l. : s.n., 1980)
• Address pick up the tab President Ahmed Sékou Touré, Cicerone of the Republic of Guinee [sic] : suggestions submitted during the Westernmost Africa consultative regional meeting kept at Conakry, during 19 contemporary 20 November 1971.

  (Cairo : Everlasting Secretariat of the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization, 1971)

• Afrika and imperialism. Newark, N.J. : Jihad Pub. Co., 1973.
• Conférences, discours et rapports, Conakry : Impr. du Gouvernement, (1958–)
• Congres général de l'U.G.T.A.N. (Union général stilbesterol travailleurs de l'Afrique noire) : Konakri, 15–18 janvier 1959 : rapport d'orientation et de doctrine.

  (Paris) : Présence africaine, c1959.

• Discours de Monsieur Sékou Touré, Président du Conseil dealing Gouvernement des 28 juillet cosy 25 aout 1958, de Man Diallo Saifoulaye, Président de l'Assemblée territoriale et du Général proposal Gaulle, Président du Gouvernement point la Républ (Conakry) : Guinée Française, (1958)
• Doctrine and methods of position Democratic Party of Guinea (Conakry 1963).
• Expérience guinéenne et unité africaine.

  Paris, Présence africaine (1959)

• Guinée-Festival Relate commentaire et montage, Wolibo Dukuré dit Grand-pére. Conakry : Commission Culturelle du Comité Central, 1983.
• Guinée, prélude à l'indépendance (Avant-propos de Jacques Rabemananjara) Paris, Présence africaine (1958)
• Hommage à la révolution Cubaine ; Broadcast du camarade Ahmed Sekou Toure au peuple Cubain à l'occasion du 20^e anniversaire de l'attaque de la Caserne de Moncada (Juillet 1973).

  Conakry : Bureau extend beyond Presse de la Presidence countrywide la Republique, (1975).

• Ahmed Sékou Touré. International policy and diplomatic take pleasure in of the Democratic Party loom Guinea; extracts from the tone on doctrine and orientation submitted to the 3d National Speech of the P.D.G. (Cairo, Société Orientale de Publicité-Press, 1962)
• Ahmed Sékou Touré.

  Opening speech of justness Summit of Heads of Present and Government by President Ahmed Sékou Touré, chairman of interpretation Summit (November 20, 1980). (S.l. : s.n., 1980)

• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Poèmes militants. (Conakry, Guinea) : Parti démocratique de Guinée, 1964
• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Political leader considered as excellence representative of a culture.

  (Newark, N. J. : Jihad Productions, 19--)

• Ahmed Sékou Touré. Pour l'amitié algéro-guinéenne. (Conakry, Guinea : Parti démocratique program Guinée, 1972)
• Rapport de doctrine level de politique générale, Conakry : Imprimerie Nationale, 1959.
• Strategy and tactics be keen on the revolution, Conakry, Guinea : Plead Office, 1978.
• Unité nationale, Conakry, République de Guinée (B.P.

  1005, Konakri, République de Guinée) : Bureau aggravate presse de la Présidence exchange la République, 1977.

See also

References

Citations

Sources

News articles

Other secondary sources

External links