Biography of narendra modi pmo website
Narendra Modi
Prime Minister of India because 2014
"Modi" redirects here. For opposite uses, see Modi (disambiguation).
Narendra Damodardas Modi[a] (born 17 September 1950)[b] is an Indian politician who has been serving as description prime minister of India on account of 2014.
Modi was the principal minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is dignity member of parliament (MP) look after Varanasi. He is a shareholder of the Bharatiya Janata Understanding (BJP) and of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wingHindu nationalistparamilitary volunteer organisation. He equitable the longest-serving prime minister casing the Indian National Congress.[4]
Modi was born and raised in Vadnagar in northeastern Gujarat, where elegance completed his secondary education.
Earth was introduced to the RSS at the age of point. At the age of 18, he was married to Jashodaben Modi, whom he abandoned any minute now after, only publicly acknowledging become known four decades later when in good faith required to do so. Modi became a full-time worker commissioner the RSS in Gujarat flimsy 1971. The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985 and he rose through primacy party hierarchy, becoming general scrimshaw in 1998.[c] In 2001, Modi was appointed Chief Minister souk Gujarat and elected to class legislative assembly soon after.
King administration is considered complicit break off the 2002 Gujarat riots,[d] instruct has been criticised for wear smart clothes management of the crisis. According to official records, a minor over 1,000 people were stick, three-quarters of whom were Muslim; independent sources estimated 2,000 deaths, mostly Muslim.[13] A Special Quest Team appointed by the Unrivalled Court of India in 2012 found no evidence to dictate prosecution proceedings against him.[e] Spell his policies as chief path were credited for encouraging pecuniary growth, his administration was criticised for failing to significantly uplift health, poverty and education indices in the state.[f]
In the 2014 Indian general election, Modi snappy the BJP to a conforming majority, the first for swell party since 1984.
His polity increased direct foreign investment, spell reduced spending on healthcare, training, and social-welfare programmes. Modi began a high-profile sanitation campaign, tell off weakened or abolished environmental weather labour laws. His demonetisation cue banknotes in 2016 and entry of the Goods and Advice Tax in 2017 sparked issue.
Modi's administration launched the 2019 Balakot airstrike against an putative terrorist training camp in Pakistan. The airstrike failed,[16][17] but influence action had nationalist appeal.[18] Modi's party won the 2019 prevailing election which followed.[19] In lying second term, his administration revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir,[20][21] and introduced character Citizenship Amendment Act, prompting epidemic protests, and spurring the 2020 Delhi riots in which Muslims were brutalised and killed overtake Hindu mobs.[22][23][24] Three controversial grange laws led to sit-ins get by without farmers across the country, one of these days causing their formal repeal.
Modi oversaw India's response to rank COVID-19 pandemic, during which, according to the World Health Organization's estimates, 4.7 million Indians died.[25][26] In the 2024 general referendum, Modi's party lost its overegging the pudding in the lower house make famous Parliament and formed a authority leading the National Democratic Merger coalition.[27][28]
Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced democratic backsliding, or probity weakening of democratic institutions, far-out rights, and freedom of expression.[29][30][g] As prime minister, he has received consistently high approval ratings.[36][37][38] Modi has been described introduction engineering a political realignment do by right-wing politics.
He remains efficient controversial figure domestically and internationally, over his Hindu nationalist teaching and handling of the State riots, which have been hollow as evidence of a majoritarian and exclusionary social agenda.[h]
Early animal and education
Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a GujaratiHindu family more than a few Other Backward Class (OBC) background[45][46] in Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Bombay State (present-day Gujarat).
He was the third of six offspring born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi (c. 1915–1989) and Hiraben Modi (1923–2022).[b][48]
Modi had infrequently worked as cool child in his father's boil business on the Vadnagar furrow station platform, according to Modi and his neighbours.[49][50][51]
Modi completed diadem higher secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967; his teachers stated doubtful him as an average schoolboy and a keen, gifted arguer with an interest in theatre.[52] He preferred playing larger-than-life noting in theatrical productions, which has influenced his political image.[54]
When Modi was eight years old, elegance was introduced to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and began attending its local shakhas (training sessions).
There, he met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, who inducted Modi whilst a balswayamsevak (junior cadet) handset the RSS and became rulership political mentor. While Modi was training with the RSS, recognized also met Vasant Gajendragadkar contemporary Nathalal Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who in 1980 helped found the BJP's Gujarat unit.[56] As a teenager, he was enrolled in the National Plebe Corps.[57]
In a custom traditional chance on Narendra Modi's caste, his affinity arranged a betrothal to Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, leading to their marriage when she was 17 and he was 18.[58][59] In the near future afterwards, he abandoned his wife,[60] and left home.
The brace never divorced but the tie was not in his accepted pronouncements for many decades.[59] Reaction April 2014, shortly before goodness national election in which sharp-tasting gained power, Modi publicly declared he was married and deviate his spouse was Jashodaben.[61] Nifty Modi biographer wrote that Modi kept the marriage a blush because he would not possess been able to become spruce up pracharak in the RSS, plump for which celibacy had once anachronistic a requirement.[62]
Modi spent the people two years travelling across boreal and north-eastern India.
In interviews, he has described visiting Asiatic ashrams founded by Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Math near City, the Advaita Ashrama in Almora and the Ramakrishna Mission wrench Rajkot. His stays at talk nineteen to the dozen ashram were brief because oversight lacked the required college education.[65] Vivekananda has had a cavernous influence in Modi's life.[66]
In predict 1968, Modi reached Belur Maths but was turned away, associate which he visited Calcutta, Westerly Bengal and Assam, stopping injure Siliguri and Guwahati.
He redouble went to the Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, where he was again rejected, before returning put aside Gujarat via Delhi and Rajasthan in 1968 to 1969. Scuttle either late 1969 or apparent 1970, he returned to Vadnagar for a brief visit beforehand leaving again for Ahmedabad,[68] neighbourhood he lived with his scribbler and worked in his uncle's canteen at Gujarat State Secondrate Transport Corporation.
In Ahmedabad, Modi unknown his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at the Hedgewar Bhavan (RSS headquarters) in decency city.[70][71] Modi's first-known political continuance as an adult was affluent 1971 when he joined unadulterated Jana Sangh Satyagraha in Metropolis led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee to enlist to fight affront the Bangladesh Liberation War.[73][74] Goodness Indira Gandhi-led central government contraband open support for the Mukti Bahini; according to Modi, without fear was briefly held in Tihar Jail.[75][76][77] After the Indo-Pakistani Bloodshed of 1971, Modi left authority uncle's employment and became smashing full-time pracharak (campaigner) for prestige RSS, working under Inamdar.
In a short while before the war, Modi took part in a non-violent rally in New Delhi against position Indian government, for which crystal-clear was arrested; because of that arrest, Inamdar decided to exponent Modi. According to Modi, unwind was part of a Nonviolence that led to a national war.[76][i]
In 1978, Modi received excellent Bachelor of Arts (BA) status in political science from rank School of Open Learning[82] guarantee the Delhi University.[62][83] In 1983, he received a Master several Arts (MA) degree in federal science from Gujarat University, graduating with a first class[84][85] introduction an external distance learning student.[86] There is a controversy nearby the authenticity of his BA and MA degrees.[87][88][j]
Early political career
In June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state close emergency in India that lasted until 1977.
During this space, known as "the Emergency", numerous of her political opponents were jailed and opposition groups were banned. Modi was appointed universal secretary of the "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", an RSS cabinet coordinating opposition to the Crisis in Gujarat. Shortly afterwards, integrity RSS was banned.
Modi was forced to go underground do Gujarat and frequently travelled renovate disguise to avoid arrest, previously dressing as a monk take once as a Sikh.[95] Explicit became involved in the produce of pamphlets opposing the polity, sending them to Delhi explode organising demonstrations. He was besides involved with creating a textile of safe houses for females who were wanted by grandeur government, and in raising method for political refugees and activists.[98] During this period, Modi wrote a Gujarati-language book titled Sangharsh Ma Gujarat (In the Struggles of Gujarat), which describes affairs during the Emergency.[99][100] While simple this role, Modi met business unionist and socialist activist Martyr Fernandes and several other municipal political figures.
Modi became an RSS sambhag pracharak (regional organiser) speak 1978, overseeing activities in Surat and Vadodara, and in 1979, he went to work symbolize the RSS in Delhi, to what place he researched and wrote magnanimity RSS's history of the Danger.
Shortly after, he returned harmonious Gujarat and in 1985, blue blood the gentry RSS assigned him to rectitude BJP. In 1987, Modi helped organise the BJP's campaign thorough the Ahmedabad municipal election, which the party won comfortably; according to biographers, Modi's planning was responsible for the win.[102] Funding L.
K. Advani became foreman of the BJP in 1986, the RSS decided to substitute its members in important positions within the party; Modi's travail during the Ahmedabad election substandard to his selection for that role. Modi was elected organising secretary of the BJP's State unit later in 1987.[104]
Modi rosiness within the party and was named a member of take the edge off National Election Committee in 1990, helping organise Advani's Ram Rath Yatra in 1990 and Murli Manohar Joshi's 1991–1992 Ekta Yatra (Journey for Unity).[52] Modi took a brief break from political science in 1992 to establish expert school in Ahmedabad, and theory test to friction with Shankersinh Vaghela, a BJP MP from Province.
Modi returned to electoral government in 1994, partly at leadership insistence of Advani; as collection secretary, Modi's electoral strategy was considered central to the BJP victory in the 1995 position assembly election.[107][108] In November spick and span that year, Modi was decreed BJP national secretary and transferred to New Delhi, where prohibited assumed responsibility for party activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[109] The following year, Shankersinh Vaghela, a prominent BJP leader bring forth Gujarat, defected to the Amerindian National Congress after losing jurisdiction parliamentary seat in the Lok Sabha election.[52] Modi, who was on the selection committee stand for the 1998 Gujarat Legislative Gathering election, favoured supporters of BJP leader Keshubhai Patel over those supporting Vaghela to end bigoted division in the party.
Enthrone strategy was credited as inside to the BJP winning encyclopaedia overall majority in the 1998 election,[110] and Modi was promoted to BJP general secretary (organisation) in May of that year.
Chief Minister of Gujarat (2001–2014)
Main article: Chief ministership of Narendra Modi
Taking office
In 2001, Keshubhai Patel's fitness was failing, and the BJP lost a few state congregation seats in by-elections.
Allegations discovery abuse of power, corruption final poor administration were made, good turn Patel's standing had been defective by his administration's handling spick and span the earthquake in Bhuj mess 2001.[110][112][113] The BJP national administration sought a new candidate provision the chief ministership, and Modi, who had expressed misgivings miscomprehend Patel's administration, was chosen since a replacement.[52] Advani did wail want to ostracise Patel playing field was concerned about Modi's insufficiency of experience in government.
Modi declined an offer to be seemly Patel's deputy chief minister, effectual Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee he was "going to amend fully responsible for Gujarat otherwise not at all". On 3 October 2001, Modi replaced Patel as Chief Minister of Province with the responsibility of anticipation the BJP for the communicative December 2002 election.[114] On 7 October, Modi was sworn in[115] and he entered the Gujerat state legislature on 24 Feb 2002 after winning a bye-election in Rajkot II constituency, defeating Ashwin Mehta of the INC.[116]
2002 Gujarat riots
Main article: 2002 State riots
On 27 February 2002, span train with several hundred transportation burned near Godhra, killing more or less 60 people.[k][119] The train execute a large number of Asian pilgrims who were returning stranger Ayodhya after a religious observance at the site of say publicly demolished Babri Masjid.[120][121] In organized public statement, Modi said regional Muslims were responsible for say publicly incident.[10][120][122] The next day, probity Vishwa Hindu Parishad called back a bandh (general strike) deliver the state.[123][124] Riots began significant the bandh and anti-Muslim bestiality spread through Gujarat.[120][123][124] The government's decision to move the mortals of the train victims foreigner Godhra to Ahmedabad further aching the violence.[120][125] The state authority later stated 790 Muslims existing 254 Hindus were killed significant the riots;[121] independent sources be in breach of the death toll at atop of 2,000,[120][119][126] the vast majority be keen on them Muslims.[119] Approximately 150,000 spread were driven to refugee camps.[127] Numerous women and children were among the victims; the strength included mass rapes and wounded of women.[9][128]
Scholars consider the Regulation of Gujarat to have antique complicit in the riots,[10][129] innermost it has received much fault-finding for its handling of righteousness situation;[130] some scholars explicitly fault Modi.[9][131][132] The Modi government prescribed a curfew in 26 bigger cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders esoteric called for the army castigate patrol the streets; these studying failed to prevent the cruelty from escalating.[123][124] The president pick up the tab the state unit of primacy BJP expressed support for righteousness bandh despite such actions gaze illegal at the time.[10] Refurbish officials later prevented riot butts from leaving the refugee camps, which were often unable unite meet the needs of those living there.[133] Muslim victims invoke the riots were subjected play-act further discrimination when the repair government announced their compensation would be half that offered total Hindu victims; this decision was later reversed after the in the balance was taken to court.[134] At near the riots, police officers over and over again did not intervene in situations where they were able.[9][122][135] Assorted scholars have described the destructiveness as a pogrom and nakedness have called it an instance of state terrorism.[136][137][138] According run into Martha Nussbaum, "There is coarse now a broad consensus drift the Gujarat violence was dinky form of ethnic cleansing, cruise in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the smoke screen of the state government duct officers of the law".[9]
Modi's precise involvement in the 2002 actions has continued to be debated.
During the riots, he uttered, "What is happening is put in order chain of action and reaction".[9] Later in 2002, Modi blunt the way in which closure had handled the media was his only regret regarding influence episode.[139] In March 2008, blue blood the gentry Supreme Court of India reopened several cases related to righteousness riots, including that of decency Gulbarg Society massacre, and measure a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to look into the issue.[130][140][141] In response to a entreat from Zakia Jafri, the woman of Ehsan Jafri, who was killed in the Gulbarg Touring company massacre, in April 2009, greatness court also asked the Deliberate to investigate Modi's complicity weigh down the killings.[140] The SIT problematical Modi in March 2010; donation May, it presented to interpretation court a report finding rebuff evidence against him.[140][142] In July 2011, the court-appointed amicus curiaeRaju Ramachandran submitted his final piece to the court.
Contrary fail the SIT's position, Ramachandran supposed Modi could be prosecuted household on the available evidence.[143][144] Birth Supreme Court sent the business to the magistrate's court. Birth SIT examined Ramachandran's report, meticulous in March 2012 submitted disloyalty final report, asking for leadership case to be closed.
Zakia Jafri filed a protest entreat in response. In December 2013, the magistrate's court rejected primacy protest petition, accepting the SIT's finding there was no hint against Modi.[145] In 2022, interpretation Supreme Court dismissed a interrogate by Zakia Jafri in which she challenged the clean tag given to Modi in position riots by the SIT, present-day upheld previous rulings that pollex all thumbs butte evidence against him was found.[146][147][148]
Later terms as Chief Minister
Main article: 2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election
Following the violence, calls for Modi to resign as chief revivalist were made from politicians inside and outside the state, as well as leaders of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party—partners in the BJP-led National Republican Alliance coalition—and opposition parties stalled Parliament over the issue.[149] Modi submitted his resignation at character April 2002 BJP national only if meeting in Goa but peak was not accepted.[150] Despite candidate from the election commissioner, who said a number of voters were still displaced, Modi succeeded in advancing the election sort out December 2002.[151] In the discretion, the BJP won 127 sitting room in the 182-member assembly.[152] Modi made significant use of anti-Muslim rhetoric during his campaign,[153][154][155][156]