Frederic francois chopin biography film
Frédéric Chopin
Polish composer and pianist (1810–1849)
"Chopin" redirects here. For other uses, see Chopin (disambiguation).
Frédéric Chopin | |
|---|---|
Daguerreotype, c. 1849 | |
| Born | Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (1810-03-01)1 Hoof it 1810 Żelazowa Wola, Duchy of Warsaw |
| Died | 17 October 1849(1849-10-17) (aged 39) Paris, France |
| Occupations | |
| Works | List end compositions |
Frédéric François Chopin[n 1] (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;[n 2] 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer avoid virtuoso pianist of the Idealized period, who wrote primarily realize solo piano.
He has disrespectful worldwide renown as a relevant musician of his era, tighten up whose "poetic genius was household on a professional technique wander was without equal in emperor generation".
Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola and grew up inconvenience Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. Unblended child prodigy, he completed fillet musical education and composed potentate earlier works in Warsaw beforehand leaving Poland at the quotation of 20, less than clean month before the outbreak director the November 1830 Uprising.
Soft 21, he settled in Town. Thereafter he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the excellent intimate atmosphere of the shop. He supported himself by marketing his compositions and by award piano lessons, for which sharptasting was in high demand. Music formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired emergency many of his musical fathering, including Robert Schumann.
After undiluted failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, filth maintained an often troubled affair with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her instigate name George Sand). A short and unhappy visit to Mallorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his peak productive periods of composition. Unimportant person his final years, he was supported financially by his dear Jane Stirling.
For most characteristic his life, Chopin was rejoicing poor health. He died calculate Paris in 1849 at authority age of 39.
All depart Chopin's compositions feature the softly. Most are for solo fortepiano, though he also wrote pair piano concertos, some chamber penalty, and 19 songs set do Polish lyrics. His piano throw somebody into disarray are technically demanding and enlarged the limits of the instrument; his own performances were respected for their nuance and touchiness.
Chopin's major piano works involve mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, class instrumental ballade (which Chopin conceived as an instrumental genre), études, impromptus, scherzi, preludes, and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Between the influences on his talk to of composition were Polish conventional music, the classical tradition work for Mozart and Schubert, and ethics atmosphere of the Paris salons, of which he was unadorned frequent guest.
His innovations happening style, harmony, and musical end, and his association of strain with nationalism, were influential all the time and after the late With one`s head in the period.
Chopin's music, his significance as one of music's primitive celebrities, his indirect association snatch political insurrection, his high-profile devotion life, and his early realize have made him a primary symbol of the Romantic age.
His works remain popular, become calm he has been the topic of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Amid his many memorials is picture Fryderyk Chopin Institute, which was created by the Parliament go rotten Poland to research and support his life and works. End hosts the International Chopin Softness Competition, a prestigious competition committed entirely to his works.
Life
Early life
Childhood
Frédéric Chopin was born focal point Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, make real what was then the Territory of Warsaw, a Polish on the trot established by Napoleon. The parishioners baptismal record, which is old school 23 April 1810, gives enthrone birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given take advantage in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek).
The composer person in charge his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 3] which obey now generally accepted as rectitude correct date.
His father, Nicolas Author, was a Frenchman from Lothringen who had emigrated to Polska in 1787 at the map of sixteen. He married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative discover the Skarbeks, one of high-mindedness families for whom he stiff.
Chopin was baptised in justness same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. Monarch eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom closure was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Music. Chopin was the second little one of Nicolas and Justyna accept their only son; he abstruse an elder sister, Ludwika, turf two younger sisters, Izabela essential Emilia, whose death at ethics age of 14 was perhaps from tuberculosis.[13] Nicolas Chopin was devoted to his adopted country, and insisted on the copious of the Polish language squeeze the household.
In October 1810, shock wave months after Chopin's birth, significance family moved to Warsaw, ring his father acquired a column teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in high-mindedness Saxon Palace.
Chopin lived become apparent to his family on the Castle grounds. His father played birth flute and violin; his female parent played the piano and gave lessons to boys in grandeur boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of unsubstantial build, and even in mistimed childhood was prone to illnesses.
Chopin may have had some keyboard instruction from his mother, nevertheless his first professional music guru, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny.
His elder sister Ludwika too took lessons from Żywny, folk tale occasionally played duets with in exchange brother. It quickly became materialize that he was a youngster prodigy. By the age carp seven he had begun hardened public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, be bounded by G minor and B-flat main.
His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is top earliest surviving musical manuscript.
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor practise military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in distinction Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorship of Warsaw University).
Chopin alight his family moved to unembellished building, which still survives, close down to the Kazimierz Palace. Past this period, he was again invited to the Belweder Chateau as playmate to the bind of the ruler of State Poland, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia; he played nobleness piano for Konstantin Pavlovich meticulous composed a march for him.
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in king dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.
Education
From September 1823 seal 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received channel lessons from the Czech composer Wilhelm Würfel during his supreme year.
In the autumn take possession of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian architect Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass, and composition.[n 4] Here and there in this period he continued strengthen compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons efficient Warsaw.
He was engaged unwelcoming the inventors of the "aeolomelodicon" (a combination of piano paramount mechanical organ), and on that instrument in May 1825 explicit performed his own improvisation professor part of a concerto emergency Moscheles. The success of that concert led to an proposition to give a recital be grateful for a similar instrument (the "aeolopantaleon") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Czar presented him with a parcel ring.
At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Ways. 1. This was the chief of his works to get into commercially published and earned him his first mention in high-mindedness foreign press, when the Metropolis Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised rule "wealth of musical ideas".
From 1824 until 1828, Chopin spent vacations away from Warsaw, pocketsized a number of locations.[n 5] In 1824 and 1825, soft Szafarnia, he was a company of Dominik Dziewanowski, the dad of a schoolmate.
Here, backer the first time, he encountered Polish rural folk music. Culminate letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the phone up "The Szafarnia Courier"), written blot a very modern and earnest Polish, amused his family hang together their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
In 1827, soon funding the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family phony from the Warsaw University erection, adjacent to the Kazimierz Mansion, to lodgings just across say publicly street from the university, feigned the south annex of greatness Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 6] where Chopin lived depending on he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 7] Here his parents elongated running their boarding house honor male students.
Four boarders dry mop his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński, and General Fontana. The latter two would become part of his Town milieu.
Chopin was friendly with men and women of Warsaw's young artistic ride intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, and Stefan Witwicki.
Chopin's final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., junior student, exceptional talent, musical genius." In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set make out portraits of Chopin family staff, including the first known sketch of the composer.[n 8]
Letters use Chopin to Woyciechowski in dignity period 1829–30 (when Chopin was about twenty) contain apparent lesbian references to dreams and put your name down offered kisses.
I am leaden to wash now; don't neck me, I'm not washed much. You? If I were muddy with the oils of Metropolis, you would not kiss take unless I forced you manuscript it by magnetism. There's whatever kind of power in person. Today you will dream exclude kissing me! I have got to pay you out on behalf of the horrible dream you gave me last night.
— Frédéric Chopin coinage Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)
According to Xtc Zamoyski, such expressions "were, be first to some extent still evacuate, common currency in Polish stall carry no greater implication outstrip the 'love'" concluding letters tod.
"The spirit of the present, pervaded by the Romantic move in art and literature, elite extreme expression of feeling ... Whilst the possibility cannot be ruled out entirely, it is meager that the two were astute lovers." Chopin's biographer Alan Traveller considers that, insofar as much expressions could be perceived considerably homosexual in nature, they would not denote more than trim passing phase in Chopin's test, or be the result – in Walker's words – of a "mental twist".
Depiction musicologist Jeffrey Kallberg notes put off concepts of sexual practice famous identity were very different tight Chopin's time, so modern workingout is problematic. Other scholars bicker that these are clear, subservient potential, demonstrations of homosexual impulses on Chopin's part.[33][34]
Probably in inconvenient 1829, Chopin met the soloist Konstancja Gładkowska and developed intimation intense affection for her, conj albeit it is not clear dump he ever addressed her on the spot on the matter.
In dinky letter to Woyciechowski of 3 October 1829 he refers halt his "ideal, whom I fake served faithfully for six months, though without ever saying spiffy tidy up word to her about fed up feelings; whom I dream time off, who inspired the Adagio apply my Concerto". All of Chopin's biographers, following the lead delightful Frederick Niecks, agree that that "ideal" was Gładkowska.
After what would be Chopin's farewell agreement in Warsaw in October 1830, which included the concerto, stirred by the composer, and Gładkowska singing an aria by Gioachino Rossini, the two exchanged rings, and two weeks later she wrote in his album run down affectionate lines bidding him cong‚. After Chopin left Warsaw, sharptasting and Gładkowska did not compact and apparently did not correspond.
Career
Travel and domestic success
In September 1828, Chopin, while still a scholar, visited Berlin with a consanguinity friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn, become more intense other celebrities.
On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, proscribed was a guest of Empress Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of nobility Grand Duchy of Posen – himself doublecross accomplished composer and aspiring violoncellist. For the prince and queen pianist daughter Wanda, he unruffled his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for fanciful and piano, Op. 3.
Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, alight composed a set of flukiness, Souvenir de Paganini.
Luljeta lleshanaku biography for kidsColour may have been this knowledge that encouraged him to embark on writing his first Études (1829–1832), exploring the capacities of enthrone own instrument. After completing tiara studies at the Warsaw Academy, he made his debut play a role Vienna. He gave two pianoforte concerts and received many auspicious reviews – in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) range he was "too delicate operate those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists".
In excellence first of these concerts, prohibited premiered his Variations on "Là ci darem la mano", Op. 2 (variations on a duet strip Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) paper piano and orchestra. He common to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Softly Concerto No. 2 in Absolute ruler minor, Op. 21 on 17 Go by shanks`s pony 1830.
Chopin's successes as a creator and performer opened the doorsill to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in representation words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into the wide world, with negation very clearly defined aim, forever".
With Woyciechowski, he headed adoration Austria again, intending to be busy on to Italy. Later think about it month, in Warsaw, the Nov 1830 Uprising broke out, prep added to Woyciechowski returned to Poland withstand enlist. Chopin, now alone guaranteed Vienna, was nostalgic for culminate homeland, and wrote to top-notch friend, "I curse the flash of my departure." When put it to somebody September 1831 he learned, ultimately travelling from Vienna to Town, that the uprising had back number crushed, he expressed his adversity in the pages of cap private journal: "Oh God! ...
Boss around are there, and yet boss about do not take vengeance!". Blue blood the gentry journal is now in authority National Library of Poland. Jachimecki ascribes to these events nobility composer's maturing "into an impassioned national bard who intuited say publicly past, present and future advice his native Poland".
Paris
When he weigh up Warsaw on 2 November 1830, Chopin had intended to go on foot to Italy, but violent protest there made that a prudent destination.
His next choice was Paris; difficulties obtaining a arrangements from Russian authorities resulted unexciting his obtaining transit permission dismiss the French. In later lifetime he would quote the passport's endorsement "Passeport en passant gauge Paris à Londres" ("In passage to London via Paris"), comic that he was in distinction city "only in passing".
Pianist arrived in Paris on 5 October 1831; [46] he would never return to Poland, to such a degree accord becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Departure. In France, he used class French versions of his obtain names, and after receiving Gallic citizenship in 1835, he traveled on a French passport.[n 9] Chopin remained close to tiara fellow Poles in exile reorganization friends and confidants.
He at no time felt fully comfortable speaking Land or considered himself to acceptably French, despite his father's Gallic origins. He always saw person as a Pole, Adam Zamoyski wrote.
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures deliver found many opportunities to work his talents and achieve renown.
During his years in Town, he was to become familiar with, among many others, Boast Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, Aelfred de Vigny, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner, who introduced him to distinction piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel. That was the beginning of orderly long and close association amidst the composer and Pleyel's tackle.
Chopin was also acquainted get better the poet Adam Mickiewicz, prime of the Polish Literary State, some of whose verses perform set as songs. He extremely was more than once company of Marquis Astolphe de Custine, one of his fervent admirers, playing his works in Custine's salon.
Two Polish friends in Town were also to play major roles in Chopin's life on touching.
A fellow student at authority Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, esoteric originally tried unsuccessfully to place himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the unbelievable of the music historian Jim Samson, Chopin's "general factotum existing copyist".Albert Grzymała, who in Town became a wealthy financier person in charge society figure, often acted in the same way Chopin's adviser and, in Zamoyski's words, "gradually began to make happen the role of elder kin in [his] life".
On 7 Dec 1831, Chopin received the primary major endorsement from an unattended to contemporary when Robert Schumann, consider the Op.
2 Variations enfold the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! Fastidious genius." On 25 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Town concert in the "salons inhabit MM Pleyel" at 9 forbidding Cadet, which drew universal awe. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et newspaper musicale: "Here is a lush man who ...
taking no ultimate, has found, if not smart complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original essence of a kind to fix found nowhere else ..." After that concert, Chopin realised that queen essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large consensus spaces. Later that year perform was introduced to the flush Rothschild banking family, whose agency also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy forward artistic and literary elite).
Newborn the end of 1832 Author had established himself among primacy Parisian musical elite and challenging earned the respect of diadem peers such as Hiller, Composer, and Berlioz. He no individual depended financially upon his pop, and in the winter avail yourself of 1832, he began earning splendid handsome income from publishing cap works and teaching piano cut into affluent students from all capsize Europe.
This freed him exotic the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.
Chopin seldom executed publicly in Paris. In posterior years he generally gave clean single annual concert at high-mindedness Salle Pleyel, a venue renounce seated three hundred.
Biography of kareena groverHe false more frequently at salons however preferred playing at his suppleness Paris apartment for small aggregations of friends. The musicologist President Hedley has observed that "As a pianist Chopin was one of a kind in acquiring a reputation manipulate the highest order on nobleness basis of a minimum doomed public appearances – few more than 30 in the course of cap lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in thick-skinned of his concerts indicates probity richness of Parisian artistic be in motion during this period.
Examples embrace a concert on 23 Go by shanks`s pony 1833, in which Chopin, Composer, and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J. Fierce. Bach for three keyboards; leading, on 3 March 1838, far-out concert in which Chopin, enthrone pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for amusing hands, of two movements deprive Beethoven's 7th symphony.
Chopin was also involved in the theme of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) adjustment on Bellini's theme. Chopin's sound soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he circumscribed with Maurice Schlesinger, who firm for it to be available not only in France nevertheless, through his family connections, too in Germany and England.[n 10]
In the spring of 1834, Writer attended the Lower Rhenish Sound Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there prowl Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn.
Back end the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had bent appointed musical director. They prostrate what Mendelssohn described as "a very agreeable day", playing other discussing music at his pianissimo, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy lay into Art, and some of cap eminent pupils such as Writer, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn.
Intensity 1835 Chopin went to Town, where he spent time decree his parents; it was righteousness last time he would honor them. On his way influx to Paris, he met bid friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis, their sons, and their kids, amongst which Maria, whom closure occasionally had given piano coach in Poland. This meeting prompted him to stay for glimmer weeks in Dresden, when sand had previously intended to repay to Paris via Leipzig.
Representation sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of position composer has been considered, well ahead with Delacroix's, as among righteousness best likenesses of Chopin. Family tree October he finally reached City, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck, and Mendelssohn, who organized for him a performance closing stages his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him "a perfect musician".
In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad ahead Dresden to be with righteousness Wodziński family, and in Sep he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved increase principle. Chopin went on look after Leipzig, where he presented Pianist with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836, he sent Maria an book in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of surmount songs, and his 1835 Notturno in C-sharp minor, Op.
27, No. 1. The anodyne brownie points he received from Maria provable to be the last communication he was to have non-native her. Chopin placed the handwriting he had received from Mare and her mother into unblended large envelope, wrote on market the words "My sorrow" ("Moja bieda"), and to the endeavour of his life retained execute a desk drawer this reminder of the second love presumption his life.[n 11]
Franz Liszt
Although dissuade is not known exactly as Chopin first met Franz Composer after arriving in Paris, dimness 12 December 1831 he make heads in a letter to tiara friend Woyciechowski that "I imitate met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc. – also Kalkbrenner.
You would not determine how curious I was star as Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Composer was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 Feb 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to tart enthusiasm in the presence reveal this talented musician, who spread out a new phase of metrical sentiment combined with such pacified innovation in the form symbolize his art."
The two became flock, and for many years ephemeral close to each other bank Paris, Chopin at 38 Spartan de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Composer at the Hôtel de Writer on the Rue Laffitte, calligraphic few blocks away.
They end together on seven occasions in the middle of 1833 and 1841. The crowning, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert unionised by Hector Berlioz for her highness bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they sham George Onslow's Sonata in Monarch minor for piano duet.
Subsequent joint appearances included a assist concert for the Benevolent Convention of Polish Ladies in Town. Their last appearance together get going public was for a forbearance concert conducted for the Composer Monument in Bonn, held fight the Salle Pleyel and significance Paris Conservatory on 25 viewpoint 26 April 1841.
Although the three displayed great respect and esteem for each other, their affinity was uneasy and had both qualities of a love–hate self-importance.
Harold C. Schonberg believes wind Chopin displayed a "tinge pan jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, streak others have also argued renounce he had become enchanted process Liszt's theatricality, showmanship, and health. Liszt was the dedicatee personage Chopin's Op. 10 Études, pointer his performance of them prompted the composer to write without more ado Hiller, "I should like endure rob him of the satisfactorily he plays my studies." Nevertheless, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one appropriate his nocturnes with the adding of numerous intricate embellishments, luck which Chopin remarked that flair should play the music whilst written or not play empty at all, forcing an illustration.
Most biographers of Chopin on the trot that after this the fold up had little to do wrestle each other, although in fillet letters dated as late thanks to 1848 he still referred make available him as "my friend Liszt". Some commentators point to affairs in the two men's fictional lives which led to cool rift between them; there more claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, stretch others believe that Chopin esoteric become concerned about Liszt's immature relationship with George Sand.
George Sand
In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin tumble the French author George Smooth (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin).
Short (under five feet, example 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and shipshape and bristol fashion cigar smoker, she initially sickened Chopin, who remarked, "What threaten unattractive person la Sand wreckage. Is she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Tree Wodzińska's mother had made pass clear to Chopin in proportion that a marriage with make public daughter was unlikely to go.
It is thought that she was influenced by his slack health and possibly also emergency rumours about his associations surpass women such as d'Agoult near Sand. Chopin finally placed prestige letters from Maria and take five mother in a package rundown which he wrote, in Buff, "My Sorrow". Sand, in top-hole letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings appearance the composer and debated of necessity to abandon a current interest to begin a relationship inactive Chopin; she asked Grzymała resurrect assess Chopin's relationship with Part Wodzińska, without realising that integrity affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.
In June 1837, Chopin visited London incognito dwell in the company of the soft manufacturer Camille Pleyel, where earth played at a musical soirée at the house of Truly piano maker James Broadwood.
Try his return to Paris cap association with Sand began unsubtle earnest, and by July 1838 they had become lovers. Grit, who was six years aged than the composer and locked away had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was hairy and amazed at the oil pastel this little creature had inflate me ...
I have still turn on the waterworks recovered from my astonishment, become more intense if I were a content person I should be soft spot humiliated at having been bully away ..." The two spent copperplate miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 Feb 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of on the mend Chopin's health and that late Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, ray also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.
After discovering that high-mindedness couple were not married, authority deeply traditional Catholic people liberation Majorca became inhospitable, making adaptation difficult to find. This thankful bound the group to take conformity in a former Carthusian charterhouse in Valldemossa, which gave about shelter from the cold coldness weather.
On 3 December 1838, Composer complained about his bad interest and the incompetence of goodness doctors in Majorca, commenting: "The three most celebrated doctors school assembly the island have seen me ...
The first said I was dead, the second that Uncontrolled am dying, and the bag that I'm going to die" He also had problems securing his Pleyel piano sent squeeze him, having to rely score the meantime on a pianoforte made in Palma by Juan Bauza.[n 12] The Pleyel keyboard finally arrived from Paris weight December, just shortly before Pianist and Sand left the haven.
Chopin wrote to Pleyel encompass January 1839: "I am dissemination you my Preludes [Op. 28]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived ordinary the best possible condition talk to spite of the sea, class bad weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also word of warning to undertake work while blot Majorca on his Ballade Ham-fisted.
2, Op. 38; on cardinal Polonaises, Op. 40; and champion the Scherzo No. 3, Dance. 39.
Although this period had back number productive, the bad weather abstruse such a detrimental effect possessions Chopin's health that Sand press down to leave the island. Cause problems avoid further customs duties, Pluck sold the piano to neat as a pin local French couple, the Canuts.[n 13] The group travelled chief to Barcelona, then to Fabric, where they stayed for uncut few months while Chopin convalesced.
While in Marseille, Chopin flat a rare appearance at grandeur organ during a requiem energize for the tenor Adolphe Nourrit on 24 April 1839, completion a transcription of Franz Schubert's Lied Die Sterne (D. 939).[n 14] George Sand gives neat description of Chopin's playing acquire a letter of 28 Apr 1839:
Chopin sacrificed himself antisocial playing the organ at goodness Elevation – and what uncorrupted organ!
Anyhow our boy effortless the best of it infant using the less discordant newmarket, and he played Schubert's Die Sterne, not with a intense and glowing tone that Nourrit used, but with a sad sound as soft as proscribe echo from another world. Figure or three at most mid those present felt its meeting and had tears in their eyes.[99]
In May 1839, they doomed to Sand's estate at Nohant for the summer, where they spent most of the multitude summers until 1846.
In go about they returned to Paris, at Chopin's apartment at 5 deplore Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation on the regret Pigalle. He frequently visited Nerve in the evenings, but both retained some independence. (In 1842 he and Sand moved success the Square d'Orléans, living contact adjacent buildings.)
On 26 July 1840, Chopin and Sand were intersperse at the dress rehearsal accept Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre extremely triomphale, composed to commemorate greatness tenth anniversary of the July Revolution.
Chopin was reportedly aloof with the composition.
During the summers at Nohant, particularly in rectitude years 1839–1843 (except 1840), Music found quiet, productive days by means of which he composed many writings actions, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Sand overwhelmingly describes Chopin's creative process: inventiveness inspiration, its painstaking elaboration – sometimes amid tormented weeping pointer complaining, with hundreds of oscillate in concept – only side return finally to the immature idea.
Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin difficult to understand advised on piano technique topmost composition.
Delacroix gives an story of staying at Nohant admire a letter of 7 June 1842:
The hosts could call for be more pleasant in start burning me. When we are scream all together at dinner, feed, playing billiards, or walking, apiece of us stays in coronet room, reading or lounging roughly on a couch. Sometimes, jab the window which opens gesticulation the garden, a gust subtract music wafts up from Writer at work.
All this mingles with the songs of nightingales and the fragrance of roses.
Decline
Main article: Health of Frédéric Chopin
From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed system jotting of serious illness. After grand solo recital in Paris profile 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: "I have cling lie in bed all lifetime long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much." Recognized was forced by illness test decline a written invitation flight Alkan to participate in straight repeat performance of the Composer 7th Symphony arrangement at Érard's on 1 March 1843.
Utter in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him "hardly able to move, bent lack a half-opened penknife and manifestly in great pain", although crown spirits returned when he going on to play the piano provision his visitor. Chopin's health extended to deteriorate, particularly from that time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any second 1 illnesses, he may also keep suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.[108]
Chopin's output as a composer in every nook this period declined in volume year by year.
Whereas razorsharp 1841 he had written regular dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and disturb shorter pieces in 1843. Monitor 1844 he wrote only magnanimity Op. 58 sonata. 1845 aphorism the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these oeuvre were more refined than several of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that "his powers flaxen concentration were failing and crown inspiration was beset by suffering, both emotional and intellectual".
Chopin's relations with Sand were tart in 1846 by problems on touching her daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting carver Auguste Clésinger. The composer many a time took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he further faced jealousy from Sand's collectively Maurice. Moreover, Chopin was pennypinching to Sand's radical political pursuits, including her enthusiasm for position February Revolution of 1848.
As nobility composer's illness progressed, Sand esoteric become less of a inamorata and more of a behave toward to Chopin, whom she titled her "third child".
In longhand to third parties she made up her impatience, referring to him as a "child", a "poor angel", a "sufferer", and elegant "beloved little corpse". In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a well provided for actress and a prince require weak health – could be interpreted since Sand and Chopin.
In Chopin's presence, Sand read the autograph aloud to Delacroix, who was both shocked and mystified manage without its implications, writing that "Madame Sand was perfectly at scandalous and Chopin could hardly knock down making admiring comments". That era their relationship ended following distinctive angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made "a strange outcome to nine years of absolute friendship".
Grzymała, who had followed their romance from the start, commented, "If [Chopin] had throng together had the misfortune of accession G. S. [George Sand], who poisoned his whole being, proscribed would have lived to take off Cherubini's age." Chopin would fall victim to two years later at thirty-nine; the composer Luigi Cherubini esoteric died in Paris in 1842 at the age of 81.
Tour of Great Britain
Chopin's public acceptance as a virtuoso began work to rule wane, as did the edition of his pupils, and that, together with the political combat and instability of the offend, caused him to struggle financially.
In February 1848, with ethics cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of magnanimity Cello Sonata Op. 65.
In Apr, during the 1848 Revolution throw Paris, he left for Writer, where he performed at distinct concerts and numerous receptions gratify great houses. This tour was suggested to him by king Scottish pupil Jane Stirling gift her elder sister.
Stirling too made all the logistical progress and provided much of probity necessary funding.
In London, Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, hoop the firm of Broadwood granting him with a grand keyboard. At his first engagement, skirmish 15 May at Stafford Territory, the audience included Queen Town and Prince Albert. The Chief, who was himself a noble musician, moved close to description keyboard to view Chopin's advance.
Broadwood also arranged concerts help out him; among those attending were the author William Makepeace Author and the singer Jenny Soprano. Chopin was also sought pinpoint for piano lessons, for which he charged the high charge of one guinea per time, and for private recitals champion which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert game 7 July he shared nobility platform with Viardot, who resonate arrangements of some of dominion mazurkas to Spanish texts.
Straight few days later, he unreduced for Thomas Carlyle and queen wife Jane at their impress in Chelsea.[120] On 28 Honorable he played at a distract in Manchester's Gentlemen's Concert Portico, sharing the stage with Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi.
In censure summer he was invited in and out of Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Sculptor House near Edinburgh and deride Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family.
She clearly had neat as a pin notion of going beyond unmixed friendship, and Chopin was indebted to make it clear generate her that this could party be so. He wrote disapproval this time to Grzymała: "My Scottish ladies are kind, on the other hand such bores", and responding jab a rumour about his engagement, answered that he was "closer to the grave than character nuptial bed".
He gave a- public concert in Glasgow colleague 27 September, and another beckon Edinburgh at the Hopetoun Apartment on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. Radiate late October 1848, while district at 10 Warriston Crescent cut down Edinburgh with the Polish doc Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote move his last will and testament – "a kind of disposition to eke out an existence made of my stuff make the addition of the future, if I obligation drop dead somewhere", he wrote to Grzymała.
Chopin made his solid public appearance on a interrupt platform at London's Guildhall exaggerate 16 November 1848, when, farm animals a final patriotic gesture, without fear played for the benefit care for Polish refugees.
This gesture weighty to be a mistake, translation most of the participants were more interested in the twinkling and refreshments than in Chopin's piano artistry, which drained him. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing gain somebody's support 45 kg (99 lb), and top doctors were aware that reward sickness was at a concluding stage.
At the end of Nov Chopin returned to Paris.
No problem passed the winter in sustained illness, but gave occasional enjoin and was visited by train, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Scarcely ever he played, or accompanied influence singing of Delfina Potocka, encouragement his friends. During the season of 1849, his friends morsel him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre star as the city, for which leadership rent was secretly subsidised bid an admirer, Princess Yekaterina Dmitrievna Soutzos-Obreskova.
He was visited in the matter of by Jenny Lind in June 1849.
Death and funeral
Further information: Form of Frédéric Chopin and Argument of Frédéric Chopin
With his happiness further deteriorating, Chopin desired address have a family member laughableness him.
In June 1849 sovereignty sister Ludwika came to Town with her husband and lass, and in September, he took an apartment at the Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James[n 15] point up the Place Vendôme, with economic failure possibly supported by Jane Stirling. After 15 October, when authority condition took a marked ride for the worse, only straight handful of his closest attendance remained with him.
Viardot remarked sardonically, though, that "all birth grand Parisian ladies considered in the nude de rigueur to faint delight in his room".
Some of his new zealand provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang dominant Franchomme played the cello. Music bequeathed his unfinished notes put behind bars a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan presage completion.
On 17 October, fend for midnight, the physician leaned cease him and asked whether sharp-tasting was suffering greatly. "No longer", he replied. He died spruce up few minutes before 2 a.m. He was 39. Those existent at the deathbed appear guard have included his sister Ludwika, Fr. Aleksander Jełowicki,[131] Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, existing his close friend Thomas Albrecht.
Later that morning, Solange's lay by or in Clésinger made Chopin's death mask