Sophie school short biography

German anti-Nazi resistance fighter, associate of the White Rose (1921–1943)

For the 2005 German film, representation Sophie Scholl – The In response Days.

See also: Hans and Sophie Scholl

Sophia Magdalena Scholl^[a] (9 Hawthorn 1921 – 22 February 1943) was a German student instruction anti-Nazi political activist, active note the White Rose non-violent intransigence group in Nazi Germany.^[1][2]

She was convicted of high treason later having been found distributing anti-war leaflets at the University hook Munich with her brother, Hans.

For her actions, she was executed by guillotine. Since high-mindedness 1960s, Scholl has been as a rule commemorated for her anti-Nazi obstruction work.

Early life

Scholl was rectitude daughter of Magdalena (née Müller) and Robert Scholl, a magnanimous politician and ardent Nazi reviewer, who was the mayor all-round her home town of Forchtenberg am Kocher in the Natural People's State of Württemberg jab the time of her childbirth.

She was the fourth additional six children:

1. Inge Aicher-Scholl (1917–1998)^[3][4][5]
2. Hans Scholl (1918–1943)
3. Elisabeth Hartnagel-Scholl (27 Feb 1920 – 28 February 2020), married Sophie's long-term boyfriend, Actions Hartnagel^[6][7]
4. Sophie Scholl (1921–1943)
5. Werner Scholl (1922–1944) missing in action and axiomatic dead in June 1944
6. Thilde Scholl (1925–1926)

Scholl was brought up encompass the Lutheran church.

She in operation school at the age unredeemed seven, learned easily, and abstruse a carefree childhood. In 1930, the family moved to Ludwigsburg and then two years after to Ulm where her cleric had a business consulting put in place.

In 1932, Scholl began gathering a secondary school for girls. At the age of 12, she joined the female organ of flight of the Hitler Youth, Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of Germanic Girls), as did most symbolize her classmates.

Her initial shift gradually gave way to condemnation. She was aware of illustriousness dissenting political views of gather father, friends, and some work force cane. Her brother Hans, who difficult to understand at first participated enthusiastically fashionable the Hitler Youth program, became entirely disillusioned with the Totalitarian Party.^[8] Political positions had alter an essential criterion in bitterness choice of friends.

The ensnare of her brothers and company in 1937 for participating unimportant the German Youth Movement assess a strong impression on respite.

An avid reader, she bright a growing interest in position and theology. She had dialect trig talent for drawing and image, and came into contact adequate a few so-called "degenerate" artists.

All of the Scholl dynasty had a deep interest concern art, and befriended many artists of the time, particularly doubtful ones who stood against Formal Socialism and explored such themes in their work. One specified artist, Otl Aicher, helped Sophie learn to sketch and helped her revise her drawings. Blooper later married her sister Inge.^[9]

Sophie was first arrested by honourableness Gestapo at the age scrupulous 16, after her brother Hans was discovered to be flourishing in an anti-Hitler Youth faction called Deutsche Jungenschaft vom 1.11.1929.

The Gestapo arrested Hans be inspired by his military post and beat security agents arrested his siblings Inge, Werner and Sophie virtuous their home shortly thereafter. Sophie was released later the harmonize day, while Inge and Werner were jailed for a workweek. Hans spent a full pair weeks in prison where noteworthy underwent interrogation.

He was on the rampage only after the intervention gradient his cavalry officer. This familiarity further solidified Sophie's anti-Nazi convictions.^[9]

In spring of 1940 she progressive from secondary school, where significance subject of her essay was "The Hand that Moved grandeur Cradle, Moved the World, organized poem by William Ross Wallace".

Scholl almost did not measure out, having lost all interest collect participating in classes that difficult largely become Nazi indoctrination.^[8] Being fond of children, she became a kindergarten teacher at goodness Fröbel Institute in Ulm. She also chose that job discern the hope that it would be recognized as an variant service in the Reichsarbeitsdienst (National Labor Service), a prerequisite championing admission to university.

This was not the case, and encircle spring of 1941 she began a six-month stint in goodness auxiliary war service as skilful nursery school teacher in Blumberg. The quasi military regimen slap the Labor Service caused sagacious to rethink her understanding perceive the political situation and elect begin practising passive resistance.

After her six months in righteousness National Labor Service, she registered in May 1942 in honesty University of Munich as wonderful student of biology and philosophy.^[10] Her brother Hans, who was studying medicine at the garb institution, introduced her to empress friends. Although this group confiscate friends eventually became known vindicate their political views, they were initially drawn together by splendid shared love of art, euphony, literature, philosophy, and theology.

Hike in the mountains, skiing, highest swimming were also important collision them. They often attended concerts, plays and lectures together.

In Munich, Scholl met a back issue of artists, writers and philosophers, particularly Carl Muth and Theodor Haecker. The question they pondered most was how the separate must act under a tyranny.

During the summer of 1942, Scholl had to do battle service in a metalworking skill in Ulm. At the come to time, her father was helping time in prison for gaining made a critical remark imagine an employee about Adolf Hitler.^[11]

Origins of the White Rose

Main article: White Rose

Between 1940 and 1941, Sophie Scholl's brother Hans, trim former member of the Dictator Youth, began questioning the customary and policies of the Fascist regime.^[12] As a student amalgamation the University of Munich, Hans met two Roman Catholic troops body of letters who gave him a new orientation in plainspoken, inspiring him to turn alien studying medicine to the burn rubber of religion, philosophy and say publicly arts.^[12] Together with like-minded business, Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf take Jurgen Wittenstein, he eventually adoptive a strategy of passive opposition toward the Nazis by scribble literary works and publishing leaflets that titled for the overthrow of Public Socialism.^[13] The anonymous authors commanded themselves the "White Rose".

The activities of the White Carmine began in June 1942. By way of mid-July 1942, Hans Scholl plus Alexander Schmorell had written righteousness first four leaflets. Quoting largely from the Bible, Aristotle, leading Novalis, as well as Dramatist and Schiller, the iconic poets of the German bourgeoisie, they appealed to what they wise the German intelligentsia, believing walk such people would be effortlessly convinced by the same rationale that motivated the authors child.

The leaflets were left slope the telephone books in toggle telephone booths, mailed to professors and students, and taken building block courier to other universities come up with further distribution.^[14]

Sophie is believed have knowledge of have first learned about honourableness White Rose in July 1942, but Fritz Hartnagel remembers round out asking him in May 1942 if he could get cross a pass to buy great duplicating machine (which could whoop be obtained in Nazi Deutschland except by permit),^[15] which suggests that she may have overwhelm about the activities earlier.^[14] Whenever she joined, she proved put aside be valuable to the embassy because, as a woman, she was less likely to the makings randomly stopped by the Sanitary.

Arrest and execution

On 18 Feb 1943, Sophie and Hans Scholl went to Ludwig Maximilian Formation to leave flyers out fend for the students to read. High-mindedness Scholls brought a suitcase replete of leaflets to the asylum main building, and hurriedly derelict stacks of copies in loftiness empty corridors for students keep find when they left honesty lecture rooms.

Leaving before authority lectures had ended, the Scholls had some copies left revere the suitcase and decided finished distribute them. Sophie flung loftiness last remaining leaflets from magnanimity top floor down into dignity atrium. This spontaneous action was observed by the university excuse man, Jakob Schmid, a self-avowed Nazi, who had joined goodness Nazi Party in 1937.^[16]

Hans champion Sophie Scholl were taken halt custody by the Gestapo.

Fine draft of a seventh without charge, written by Christoph Probst, was found in the possession deserve Hans Scholl at the constantly of his arrest. While Sophie Scholl was able to withhold incriminating evidence in an unfilled classroom just before being captured, Hans tried to destroy picture draft of the last essay by tearing it apart brook swallowing it.^[15] The Gestapo improve enough of it to problem what it said and, in the way that pressed, Hans gave the nickname of the author, Christoph Probst.

In the record of king second interrogation, he stated, "The piece of paper that Beside oneself tore up following my take into custody this morning originated with Christoph Probst... All other persons go one better than the exception of Probst categorize in my opinion not guilty."^[17] Christoph Probst was captured variety February 20, 1943.

The clue Gestapo interrogator was Robert Mohr, who initially thought Sophie was innocent. However, after Hans challenging confessed, Sophie assumed full charge in an attempt to cover other members of the Pallid Rose.

In court before Arbitrate Roland Freisler on 22 Feb 1943, Scholl was recorded chimpanzee saying these words:

One, after all, had to be a start.

What we wrote and said is also alleged by many others. They openminded don't dare express themselves laugh we did.^[18]

This was their sole defense; they were not constitutional to call witnesses.^[19]

On 22 Feb 1943, Scholl, her brother Hans, and their friend Christoph Probst were found guilty of subversiveness and sentenced to death.

They were all beheaded by put to death by the executioner Johann Reichhart in Munich's Stadelheim Prison. Sophie was executed at 5:00 postmeridian, Hans at 5:02 p.m. concentrate on Christoph at 5:05 p.m.^[15] Picture execution was supervised by Director Roemer [de], the head of effecting of the Munich district respect.

Prison officials were impressed impervious to the condemned prisoners' bravery, elitist let them smoke cigarettes container before they were executed.

Sophie's last known words are unanswered, although Else Gebel remembers say publicly last words Sophie said get into her as:

How can miracle expect righteousness to prevail as there is hardly anyone amenable to give himself up singly to a righteous cause...

Bowels is such a splendid tepid day, and I have make a distinction go. But how many have to one`s name to die on the battleground in these days, how assorted young, promising lives. What does my death matter if moisten our acts thousands are warned and alerted. Among the votary body there will certainly suspect a revolt.^[18][20][21]

As for her dense words, they were most bring up either "God, my refuge unto eternity" or "The sun come to light shines."^[22][15]

Fritz Hartnagel was evacuated liberate yourself from Stalingrad in January 1943, on the contrary did not return to Frg before Sophie was executed.

Seep out October 1945, he married Sophie's sister Elisabeth.^[6]

Legacy

After Scholl's death, trim copy of the sixth advertisement was smuggled out of Deutschland through Scandinavia to England strong the German jurist Helmuth Outlaw Graf von Moltke, where diplomatic was used by the Connected Forces.

In mid-1943, the Talk Air Force dropped millions hint at copies of the tract, retitled The Manifesto of the Lecture of Munich, over Germany pass for propaganda.^[23]

The playwright Lillian Garrett-Groag alleged in Newsday on 22 Feb 1993, "It is possibly nobility most spectacular moment of power of endurance that I can think chastisement in the twentieth century ...

Honourableness fact that five little offspring, in the mouth of integrity wolf, where it really designated, had the tremendous courage be selected for do what they did, assessment spectacular to me. I fracture that the world is higher quality for them having been in the air, but I do not make out why."^[24]

In the same issue trip Newsday, the Holocaust historian Jud Newborn observed, "You cannot actually measure the effect of that kind of resistance in inevitably or not X number leave undone bridges were blown up insignificant a regime fell ...

The Milky Rose really has a solon symbolic value, but that's shipshape and bristol fashion very important value."^[24]

On 22 Feb 2003, a bust of Scholl was placed by the control of Bavaria in the Walhalla temple. She was the fifth^[b] woman to receive that honor.^[25][26]

The Geschwister Scholl Institute of State Science at the University grip Munich is named in uprightness of Sophie and Hans Scholl.

The Institute is home attain the university's political science skull communication departments, and is housed in the former Radio Unconventional Europe building close to rectitude Englischer Garten.

Many schools chimp well as countless streets stall squares in Germany and Oesterreich have been named after Scholl and her brother.

In 2003, Germans were invited by push broadcaster ZDF to participate be next to Unsere Besten (Our Best), smart nationwide competition to choose interpretation top ten most important Germans of all time. Voters spoils the age of 40 helped Scholl and her brother Hans to place fourth, above Composer, Goethe, Gutenberg, Bismarck, Willy Solon, and Albert Einstein.

If glory votes of young viewers unaccompanied had been counted, Sophie bear Hans Scholl would have archaic ranked first. Several years under, readers of Brigitte, a Germanic women's magazine, voted Scholl "the greatest woman of the ordinal century".^[27]

On 9 May 2014, Msn depicted Scholl for its Msn Doodle on the occasion clever what would have been relax 93rd birthday.^[28]

In April 2021, honourableness German Ministry of Finance progress a commemorative sterling silver €20 coin celebrating the 100th appointment of Scholl's birth.^[29]

Cultural legacy

Film be first television

In the 1970s and Eighties, there were three film economics of Sophie Scholl and grandeur White Rose resistance.

The chief TV film Der Pedell [de] (1971) focused on the university upkeep man Jakob Schmid, who denounced Scholl and the other Pale Rose members. The TV single was produced for the Westward German ZDF.^[30]Percy Adlon's Fünf letzte Tage (Five Last Days, 1982) presented Lena Stolze as Scholl in her last days raid the point of view souk her cellmate Else Gebel.

Stolze repeated the role in Archangel Verhoeven's Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose, 1982). In slight interview, Stolze said that exhibition the role was "an honour".^[31]

In February 2005, a film pant Scholl's last days, Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl – The Final Days), featuring Julia Jentsch in righteousness title role, was released.

Design on interviews with survivors be first transcripts that had remained occult in East German archives forthcoming 1990, it was nominated care an Academy Award for Superb Foreign Language Film in Jan 2006. For her portrayal enjoy Scholl, Jentsch won the pre-eminent actress at the European Husk Awards, best actress at class German Film Awards (Lolas), legislature with the Silver Bear disclose best actress at the Songster Film Festival.

The German Idiot box docudrama Frauen die Geschichte machten – Sophie Scholl was put out in 2013. Sophie Scholl was played by Liv Lisa Potato.

She was portrayed by Town Chilap in the documentary take Death of a Nation rafter 2018.^[32]

In literature

In February 2010, Carl Hanser Verlag released Sophie Scholl: A Biography (in German), get ahead of Barbara Beuys.^[33]

In theatre

American playwright Lillian Garrett-Groag's play The White Rose features Scholl as a larger character.

We Will Not Have reservations about Silent, a dramatization by King Meyers of Scholl's imprisonment shaft interrogation, premiered at the Original American Theater Festival in Shepherdstown, West Virginia in July, 2017.^[34][35][36]

In later life Whitney Seymour, fulfil wife Catryna, and their offspring Tryntje and Gabriel, co-wrote presentday produced Stars in the Unsighted Sky, a one-act play criticize Hans and Sophie Scholl put up with their role in the Snowy Rose resistance group in Fascist Germany in the 1940s.

Interpretation play, which took around cardinal years to write, was insecure in 2008 (when Seymour was 85) and had five measure off-Broadway.

In music

George Donaldson, top-notch Scottish folk singer wrote spiffy tidy up song called "The White Rose" on an album titled leadership same, about Sophie and influence White Rose movement.

The Straightforwardly punk band Zatopeks released button eponymous love song for Sophie Scholl on their debut volume (2005).^[37][38]

Mickey 3D, a French escarpment band, wrote a song known as "La Rose Blanche" on highrise album titled Sebolavy (2016).

American rock band Sheer Mag historical a song called "(Say Bye to) Sophie Scholl" on loom over 2017 debut album Need sort Feel Your Love.^[39]

Reg Meuross, calligraphic British folk singer, released "For Sophie" on his album Faraway People in 2017.^[40]

Social media

Under righteousness title @ichbinsophiescholl the German broadcasters Südwestrundfunk and Bayerische Rundfunk began in May 2021 an Instagram project to commemorate Scholl's Centesimal birthday.

The last months believe Scholl's life are featured fund Instagram posts and stories baptized as if Scholl herself were posting them. The actress Luna Wedler plays Sophie Scholl dispatch illustrates the last year game her life in the be given of a modern digital influencer.^[41][42]

Young people had difficulties to judge between the historical Scholl cope with her fictionalized version; many collection were emotionalized and defended integrity fictional Scholl as their diva when the project met condemnation.

The creators had mixed factual facts with fiction. The layout hardly informed about the apothegm of Scholl.^[43] Followers identified living soul with Scholl and contributed hem in the comments sentimental stories possession their grand parents that were portrayed mainly as victims suffer not as Hitler's supporters.^[44]

Céline Wendelgaß of Bildungsstätte Anne Frank take in that the project lacked ending educational framework.

The instagram posts nourished certain narratives like rendering idea that there was put in order lot of resistance in Deutschland. German soldiers are portrayed mainly as traumatized persons without bring up war crimes committed by European soldiers.^[44]

Further reading

• Aretz, Bernd: Sophie Scholl.

  Der Mut, sich selbst treu zu sein. Ein Lebensbild. Neue Stadt Verlag, München 2013, ISBN 978-3-87996-987-6.

• Bald, Detlef: "Wider die Kriegsmaschinerie". Kriegserfahrungen und Motive des Widerstandes bowl over "Weißen Rose". Klartext Verlag, Trim down 2005, ISBN 3-89861-488-3.
• Beuys, Barbara: Sophie Scholl.

  Biografie. Carl Hanser Verlag, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-446-23505-2.

• Breinersdorfer, Fred (Editor), Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage, 2005.
• Michael Kißener (2007), "Scholl, Sophie Magdalena", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 445–446; (full text online)
• Leisner, Barbara: "Ich würde es genauso wieder machen".

  Sophie Scholl. List Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-548-60191-X.

• McDonough, Frank: Sophie Scholl: The Real Story presumption the Woman who Defied Hitler. The History Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7524-4675-2 (als Hardcover), ISBN 978-0-7524-5511-2 (als Taschenbuch).
• Selg, Peter: "Wir haben alle unsere Maßstäbe in uns selbst." Leave speechless geistige Weg von Hans area of play Sophie Scholl.

  Verlag des Goetheanums, Dornach 2006, ISBN 3-7235-1275-5.

• Sichtermann, Barbara: Wer war Sophie Scholl?Verlagshaus Jacoby & Stuart [de], Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-941087-11-8.
• Vinke, Hermann: ‚'Das kurze Leben der Sophie Scholl. Ravensburger Buchverlag 1980, ISBN 978-3-473-58011-8.
• Vinke, Hermann: "Hoffentlich schreibst Du recht bald." Sophie Scholl und Toady to Hartnagel, eine Freundschaft 1937–1943.

  Maier Verlag, Ravensburg 2006, ISBN 3-473-35253-5.

• Waage, Shaft N.: Es lebe die Freiheit! – Traute Lafrenz und submit Weiße Rose. Aus dem Norwegischen von Antje Subey-Cramer. Urachhaus, City 2012, ISBN 978-3-8251-7809-3.
• Wilson, Kip: White Rose. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019, ISBN 978-1-328-59443-3, 978-0358376699.

See also

Notes

References

External links